The geographic harmonisation of Scotland's small area census data, 1981 to 2011

Previous research in Scotland used a merging approach to combine census boundary data for geographies specific to 1981, 1991 and 2001 to create Consistent Areas Through Time (CATTs) for the analysis of health and social data for small areas. In this paper, we adopt the same methodology to integrate the 2011 Scottish Output Areas to the CATTs. First, we overlaid the 2001 Output Areas upon the 2011 Output Areas to create SUPER OAs, which were then combined with SUPER EDs, which represented a consistent small area geography for 1981 and 1991. This resulted in 8,548 CATTs providing a consistent geography for the 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 Censuses in Scotland. We demonstrate the utility of the CATTs by exploring the correlations between deprivation, the proportion of the population who were permanently sick and those with degree qualifications, across the 4 censuses, a research angle impossible without consistent geographies. We have provided a resource that enables users to deepen their understanding of small area social changes in Scotland between the 1981 and 2011 Censuses.     

Source imaging of seizure onset predicts surgical outcome in pediatric epilepsy

ObjectiveTo assess whether ictal electric source imaging (ESI) on low-density scalp EEG can approximate the seizure onset zone (SOZ) location and predict surgical outcome in children with refractory epilepsy undergoing surgery.MethodsWe examined 35 children with refractory epilepsy. We dichotomized surgical outcome into seizure- and non-seizure-free. We identified ictal onsets recorded with scalp and intracranial EEG and localized them using equivalent current dipoles and standardized low-resolution magnetic tomography (sLORETA). We estimated the localization accuracy of scalp EEG as distance of scalp dipoles from intracranial dipoles. We also calculated the distances of scalp dipoles from resection, as well as their resection percentage and compared between seizure-free and non-seizure-free patients. We built receiver operating characteristic curves to test whether resection percentage predicted outcome.ResultsResection distance was lower in seizure-free patients for both dipoles (p = 0.006) and sLORETA (p = 0.04). Resection percentage predicted outcome with a sensitivity of 57.1% (95% CI, 34–78.2%), a specificity of 85.7% (95% CI, 57.2–98.2%) and an accuracy of 68.6% (95% CI, 50.7–83.5%) (p = 0.01).ConclusionIctal ESI performed on low-density scalp EEG can delineate the SOZ and predict outcome.SignificanceSuch an application may increase the number of children who are referred for epilepsy surgery and improve their outcome.     

基于消除鄱阳湖生态经济区开发过程中环境保护成长上限的管理对策探讨

2009年鄱阳湖生态经济区开发上升为国家战略,鄱阳湖生态经济区的发展成为江西实现中部崛起的重要举措。但值得关注的是,经济区生态系统的保护、环境问题的改善必须放在重要地位,必须认真分析开发过程中遇到的地表及尘土污染防治差额、水资源污染防治差额、执法效能差额、环境管理与监控差额等环境保护的成长上限问题。为此,笔者根据成长上限的消除原理,提出管理对策。     

前列腺周围盆筋膜内神经网尸体解剖的分布特征

目的 探讨位于前列腺及其周围区域盆筋膜层内的神经网络较确切解剖定位和神经纤维的数目分布。方法 使用6具盆腔结构正常的男性尸体,每具尸体取10处邻近前列腺周围的盆筋膜组织样本,每个样本 1 cm×1 cm大小,按时钟的点位编号并分区。分布如下：前列腺尖部（与膜部尿道交界）区域：1区1点钟,2区11点钟;前列腺中部区域：3区2点钟（右侧骨盆侧面）,4区10点钟（左侧骨盆侧面）,5区4点钟,6区8点钟;前列腺基底部（与膀胱颈交界）：7区5点钟,8区7点钟;9区（位于前列腺尖部尿道后背侧）6点钟,10区（位于前列腺基底部腹侧）12点钟。比较这10个解剖区域单位面积（1 cm²）内的神经数目和直径大小。结果 共获得60个盆筋膜组织样本。神经数目平均为（13.4 ± 13.3）束。前列腺基底腹侧12点钟10区（平均5.3束）与前列腺中部8点钟侧6区（平均9.8束）神经数目分布较少,两区之间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;10区与其他8个区均有统计学差异（P<0.05）;剩余各区之间分布均衡（P>0.05）。神经纤维直径平均为（90.4 ± 61.8）μm。前列腺尖部1点钟1区（平均119.2 μm）和中部2点钟3区（平均101.3 μm）神经纤维较粗, 1区与中部10点钟4区（平均77.7 μm）、尖部背侧6点钟9区（平均81.1 μm）、基底部腹侧12点钟10区（平均79.4 μm）之间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;4区（平均77.7 μm）与对侧2点钟3区之间（平均101.3 μm）差异也有统计学意义（P<0.05）;其他各区之间分布均衡（P>0.05）。结论 前列腺周围盆筋膜内神经网分布表现为在前列腺基底部（与膀胱颈交界）腹侧12点钟区域神经纤维数目较少,其他区域均匀分布;神经纤维直径在尖部腹侧区域朝向顶点较粗,左右不对称分布。骨盆筋膜是根治性前列腺切除术中保留神经的关键性解剖标志。     

中国（上海）自贸区商业健康保险发展的启示——基于新加坡和中国香港的经验

中国（上海）自贸区的建立为我国商业健康保险的发展带来了新的机遇和挑战。本文首先回顾了上海市商业健康保险产业的现状及存在的问题;同时对新加坡和香港的健康保险发展模式进行分析,在此基础上结合我国国情,对上海自贸区商业健康保险发展提出政策建议。通过引入外资保险机构、低税率政策扶持、建立数据对接中心、鼓励医师多点执业等一系列措施,自贸区健康保险的尝试性改革将对上海乃至全国的商业健康保险产业起到示范效应,继而促进我国商业健康保险产业的快速健康发展和管理运营模式的转变。